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Cotesia parasitoid

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I found these cocoons on my cabbage the other day and got quite excited. These cocoons were likely spun by a Pieris rape, Cabbage white moth caterpillar. However inside the cocoons are not the Cabbage white itself, inside are the emerged larvae of the  Cotesia glomerata  wasp.  The parasitoi d wasp,   Cotesia   glomerata ,  lays its eggs inside a Cabbage white caterpillar while it is feeding on my cabbage. While the parasitoid eggs hatch and feed on the caterpillars blood the caterpillars saliva changes it's chemical profile. The saliva from an non-parasitised caterpillar when in contact with the plant host, my cabbage, causes the plant to emit volatiles which are recognised by other adult insect pests of the Brassica, which signal them towards the plant as a good place to lay their eggs. The saliva from a parasitised caterpillar does not invoke this reaction from the cabbage and no signal is released to other moths to lay eggs on the plant, which is good. When the

Scientists and cats may hold the same level of fatal curiosity

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Who was more curious about quantum mechanics Schrodinger or the cat? Curiosity is what drives most scientists to pull back the veil on our understanding of the universe. It can also lead us astray into the realms of controversy.  Image credit: https://tinyurl.com/3yh6fkt7 Is click-baiting ethical in academia? Click-baiting in academic articles is far from new ( 1 ), just think of all those articles where the title is a question. I personally do not like questions as titles for journal articles, I prefer a succinct statement describing the study. However, such a title may give away too much information for me to be interested in what was studied or the conclusions that were inferred.  In 2020 I felt thoroughly defeated as a human and exasperated as a person of science, this in part was due to my interactions on social media. After pondering why I have shunned social media since 2020, the conclusion I arrived at was;  ...because I could not go past false or misleading posts without engag

Soil organic carbon

My career as a Plant Pathologist has primarily required me to work on soil-borne (or stubble-borne) pathogens, such as  Verticillium dahliae ,  Pyrenophora tritici-repentis , Blackspot disease complex ( Mycosphaerella pinodes, Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella, Phoma koolunga  and  Ascochyta pisi ) and a number of Fusarium species. In my research on soil microbiology and systems, I have become quite interested in the role of 'Soil Organic Matter' (SOM) and 'Soil organic carbon' (SOC) in Microbial ecology and nutrient cycling. What are SOM and SOC? 'Soil Organic Matter' (SOM) refers to the fraction of soil which is organic in origin and usually refers to larger particulates such as, leaves, bark, branches, dead or decaying insects, animals and microbes. 'Soil organic carbon' (SOC) refers to the carbon fraction of the SOM and generally refers to the smallest fraction of carbon-based molecules. Soil organic carbon can also be decomposed organic matter,

Science should be the ballast for the political ‘left’ and ‘right’.

For me being a greenie, hippie, for conservation and sustainability has never been about locking things away or abandoning our technology and advancements to live like the dark ages. Our society makes pariahs out of people who seek to improve the economy and the environment at the same time. Many who are comfortable with the status quo will argue the two things are mutually exclusive. You can’t seek to improve the economy and the environment at the same time. But why not? I am a scientist, and I see that the world around us is what we make of it, so much so that we have entered the era of the Anthropocene. Humans have etched themselves into the geological record by fundamentally influencing the global ecosystem. We all know why, whether you choose to acknowledge climate change, and the pollution of natural environments or remain ignorant of it. Science has brought us far from its inception, we have marvelled in its success and relished in the technology it has provided. Yet we sh

My Introduction to parallel computing in R

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I derive a sadistic satisfaction in making my computer work hard to run my code. When the peripheral applications lag, the cooling fan ramps up, and the CPU load goes to 100%. I love making my computer work hard. The project My latest research project requires me to improve models which are used to predict 'Black Spot' spore dispersal from infested crop residue following field peas . This model will be used to assess the timing and risk of spore showers for growers wanting to plant field peas so they can either 'dodge' heavy spore showers by shifting the planting window or apply a fungicide. Needless to say, simulating millions, billions, trillions, quadrillions, perhaps even over octillion spores and their movements need a hefty amount of computing power. I translated an old model built for running in the Mathematica programming language which used seemingly a lot of, ' for'  loops. After many errors, mainly due to data formatting changes I managed